ChristianIconography.Info

The purpose of this site is to support the study of Christian iconography at the beginner's level. To access all the contents, please visit the home page. The site's mission is of an academic, not religious, nature. There is no connection between ChristianIconography.Info and any religious organization.

The site was prepared by Richard Stracke, assisted by Claire Stracke, for the Department of English and Foreign Languages at Augusta University. Dr. Stracke is Emeritus Professor of English in the Department, and Mrs. Stracke is a veteran of Davidson Fine Arts School and of several projects like this one. Augusta University, known from 2012 to 2015 as Georgia Regents University, was formed from the merger in 2012 of what had been the Medical College of Georgia and Augusta State University. Both institutions trace their origins to the early 19th century.

In the centuries covered by this study the Latin Vulgate was the sole accepted text of the Bible, so when we quote scripture in English we use the Douay-Rheims translation of the Vulgate rather than a modern translation, except when rendering proper names. (For example, to avoid confusion we substitute "Elijah" for D-R's latinate "Elias.")

I will be happy to answer inquiries of an academic or scholarly nature, but please remember that this is a secular site and I am not prepared to engage in discussion of the merits of any religion or sect. The address is dickstracke@yahoo.com.

Many thanks to Don Ho for his fabulous Notepad++ code editor and its many thoughtful features. I'll never use wysiwyg again!

HOME PAGE

WORKS CITED
(links to online resources are underlined)

pseudo-Abdias, Historiæ Apostolicæ, Auctore Abdia. In The Uncanonical Gospels, Ed. John A. Giles (London, D. Nutt, 1852), 256-453. Online copy at Archive.org. (See Els Rose, "Abdias Scriptor Vitarum Sanctorum Apostolorum? The Collection of Pseudo-Abdias Reconsidered" at Brepols Online for a modern discussion of this edition.)

Acta Sanctorum. Ed. John Bolland et al. 65 vols. Brussels, 1643-1925. The Christian Iconography website has references to the following volumes of the Acta Sanctorum:

Acts of Andrew Online copy at Early Christian Writings, retrieved 2017-02-15.

Acts of John. Online at The Gnosis Archive, retrieved 2017-02-11.

Acts of Peter. In Schneemelcher, 271-321. Also in Elliott (retrieved 2015-02-09). Complete online copy at Early Christian Writings (retrieved 2015-02-09).

Acts of Timothy. Ed. Hermann Usener. Bonn: Typis Caroli Georgi vniv. typogr., 1877. Online copy at Google Books. Also in Migne, Patrologia Graeca V, 1361-66. Both retrieved 2015-04-09.

Alcuin, Sequentia de Sancto Michaele. Online copy at Vicifons.

Aliferis, Laurence Terrier. "Joseph christophore dans la Fuite d'Egypte: transmission d'un schéma iconographique spécifique à travers le Moyen Age. Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 76 (2016), 164-192.

Aldhelm. Sancti Aldhelmi Opera Quae Extant. Ed. J. A. Giles. Oxford: J. H. Parker, 1844. Online copy at Internet Archive.

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Ambrose. "The Finding of SS. Gervasius and Protasius." Online copy at the Medieval Sourcebook.

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Analecta Bollandiana. Hathi Trust has volumes 1-26 and limited access to volumes 28, 30, and 32. See the following links:

Analecta Franciscana. Volume 3 (1897) is online at this address.

Andrén, Anders, Kristina Jennbert, and Catharina Raudvere, eds. Old Norse Religion in Long-term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions. Lund, Sweden: Nordic Academic Press, 2006.

The Arabic Gospel of the Infancy of the Savior. Selections in Schneemelcher, 460-61. Complete text in Schaff online.

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Blake, N. F. “The Biblical Additions in Caxton's 'Golden Legend'.” Traditio, vol. 25, 1969, pp. 231–247. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27830873. Accessed 14 Mar. 2021.

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Bokenham, Osborn. A Legend of Holy Women. Tr. Sheila Delany. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992. Original Middle English text: Eugen Kölbing. Altenglische Bibliothek. Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger, 1883. Online copy retrieved 2013-11-18.

Bomgardner, D. L. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2000. Online copy at Google Books, retrieved 2013-11-30.

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The Book of the Infancy of the Savior, in Santos Otero, Evangelios Apócrifos.

Boone, Jon. "Saint Praxedis: Missing the Mark." Online at The Vermeer Newsletter. Posted 2002-07-11, retrieved 2015-02-21.

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Brock, Sebastian P., and Susan Ashbrook Harvey. Holy Women of the Syrian Orient. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1987.

Brooke, Rosalind. The Image of St Francis: Responses to Sainthood in the Thirteenth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Butler's Lives of the Saints. 4 vols. Ed. Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater. New York: P. J. Kennedy and Sons, 1963. Online copy at Archive.org, retrieved 2019-11-12. (This work is a "modernized" abbreviation of Alban Butler's 18th-century hagiographic compilation. I find it useful for my purposes because it is concise and has bibliographies, but I should note that some have objected to it as unfaithful to the original.)

Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Primitive Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. Edinburgh: J. Moir, 1798-99.

Cavallo, Adolfo Salvatore. Medieval Tapestries in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum, 1993. Online copy at Google Books.

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Cambi, Nenad. Sarkofag Dobroga Pastra Iz Salone i Njegova Grupa, The Good Shepherd Sarcophagus and Its Group. Split, Croatia: Arheološki Muzej, 1994.

Campbell, Thomas P. "Liturgical Drama and Community Discourse." In Heffernan and Matter, 565-587.

Camps y Monserrat Pagès, Jordi, et. al. Guia Visual Arte Románico. Barcelona: Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, 2004.

The Canons of the Council in Trullo. Online copy of the English translation at Documenta Catholica Omnia, drawn from copy at Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Both retrieved 2014-04-19.

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Carillo, Charles M., and Thomas J. Steele. A Century of Retablos. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 2007.

Cartlidge, David R., and J. Keith Elliott. Art and the Christian Apocrypha. New York: Routledge, 2001.

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The Catholic Encyclopedia. Ed. Charles G. Herberman, Edward A. Pace, Conde B. Pallen, et al. 15 vols. New York: Encyclopedia Press, 1914-17. Online copies: in book form at Google Books, searchable files of individual articles at New Advent, both retrieved 2013-12-17.

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Cavallucci, Agostino. Vita Della B. Rita da Cassia. Siena: Matteo Florimi, 1610. Available online at Google Books, retrieved 2015-03-11.

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Cepari, Virgilio. Life of Saint Aloysius Gonzaga. Tr. Francis Goldie, S. J. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1891. Online copy at Google Books.

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Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale. Online at L. D. Benson, The Geoffrey Chaucer Page, retrieved 2015-10-18.

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Cicatelli, Sanzio. Vita di San Camillo de Lellis. Ed. Pantaleone Dolera. Rome: Marini, 1837. Online copy at Google Books, retrieved 2015-10-14. (First published 1615.)

Clayton, Mary. The Old English Lives of St. Margaret. Cambridge, England, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Cockayne, Oswald, ed. Seinte Marherete: The Meiden ant Martyr. London: Trüner, 1866 (Early English Text Society). Online copy at Internet Archive, retrieved 2014-12-03.

Cohen, Charles E. The Art of Giovanni Antonio da Pordenone: Between Dialect and Language. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Colgrave, Bertram, tr. The Life of Saint Guthlac by Felix New York: Cambridge University Press, 1956.

Colledge, Edmund. “Caxton's Addition to the ‘Legenda Sancti Augustini.’” Augustiniana, vol. 34, no. 1/2, 1984, pp. 198–212. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44992400. Accessed 14 Mar. 2021.

Collijn, Isak. Iconographia Birgittina Typographica. Upsala and Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksells, 1915. Online copy at Internet Archive, retrieved 2015-10-05. Hard copies are available at the New York Public Library and the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, Toronto.

"Common of One Martyr." Online copy at Archive.org, retrieved 2020-12-01 (originally at iBreviary).

"Common Symbols." Website of Lourdes University, Ohio (retrieved 2013-12-13).

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Cook, Albert S., ed. Judith: An Old English Epic Fragment. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1888. Online copy at Hathi Trust Digital Catalog, retrieved 2014-05-13.

Cooper, Donal, "Gothic Art and the Friars in Late Medieval Croatia, 1213-1460." In Darko Zubrinic, ed. Croatia: Aspects of Art, Architecture and Cultural Heritage. London: Frances Lincoln, 2009.

Coren, Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs: A Guide to the Thoughts, Emotions, and Inner Lives. New York: Free Press, 1994.

Corson, Ron (2008). "Who is Lucifer...or Satan misidentified." Originally at newprotestants.com. Archived on the Wayback Machine 2013-02-02 from the original. Retrieved 2019-03-13.

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"Cronarmerina - Come Eravamo." Web page at the site Cronarmerina, retrieved 2017-02-09.

The Croÿ Hours. Online copy available at the Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée Nationale, Paris, retrieved 2015-03-02.

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Cusack, Carole M. "Hagiography and History: the Legend of Saint Ursula." In Carole M. Cusack and Peter Oldmeadow, This Immense Panorama: Studies in Honour of Eric J. Sharpe, (Sydney: School of Studies in Religion, University of Sydney, 1999), 89-104.

Dado of Rouen, Life of St. Eligius. Tr. J. McNamara. Online copy at Internet Medieval Sourcebook, retrieved 2019-02-26. Also in Head, 137-67.

Daley, Brian E., Tr. On the Dormition of Mary: Early Patristic Homilies. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1998.

Dalla Costa, Thomas, Robert Echols, and Frederick Ilchman. Tintoretto a Venezia. Venice: Marsilio Editori, 2018.

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Davidson, Clifford, ed. The York Corpus Christi Plays. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications, 2011.

Dawes, Elizabeth, tr. Three Byzantine Saints: Contemporary Biographies of St. Daniel the Stylite, St. Theodore of Sykeon, and St. John the Almsgiver. Yonkers, New York: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2017 (paper). From the 1948 London edition the Internet Medieval Sourcebook has online copies of the sections on "St. John the Almsgiver, Daniel the Stylite and St. Theodore of Sykeon.

Daly, Robert. Apocalyptic Thought in Early Christianity. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2009.

"The Death of Pilate, Who Condemned Jesus." In Roberts and Donaldson, Ante-Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans), vol. 8. Online copies: one in Schaff, another at New Advent (both retrieved 2015-04-25).

Deimling, Hermann, and Matthews. The Chester Plays. 2 vols. Early English Text Society, extra series CXV. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.

Delcol, Elío. "Assumption Church, Windsor, Ontario: A Brief History." Flier available in the church; same text available at the Assumption Church website.

Delehaye, Hippolyte. Les légendes grecques des saints militaires. Paris: Picard, 1909. Online copy at the Internet Archive, retrieved 2013-12-17.

Deliyannis, Deborah Mauskopf. Ravenna in Late Antiquity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Available in part online at Google Books (retrieved 2013-09-27).

De Montzey, Charles. Life of the Venerable John Eudes (London: Thomas Baker, 1883). Online copy (scanned, not proofread) at Archive.org.

Deperis, Paolo, et. al. "S. Mauro e S. Eleuterio vescovi martiri de Parenzo." Atti e memorie della società istriana di archeologia e storia patria 14 (1898), 1-129. Online copy at Google Books, retrieved 2014-07-25.

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De Romestin, H. and E., tr. Of the Duties of the Clergy (De Officiis), in Some of the Principal Works of St. Ambrose. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdsmans, 1955. Online copy at CCEL, retrieved 2014-05-21.

Deshman, Robert. "Another Look at the Disappearing Christ." The Art Bulletin, 79 (1997), 518-46.

Didron, Adolphe Napoléon, Christian Iconography. Tr. Margaret Stokes. 2 volumes. London: George Bell, 1907. Online copy of volume 2 at Archive.Org (retrieved 2015-02-17).

"Did the Church declare that St. Christopher is a myth?" Online at Catholic Answers (retrieved 2013-12-02).

Di Francesco, Carla. Pomposa Abbey and Museum. Codigoro, Italy: Museo Pomposiano, 2002.

Dines, Ilya. "The Hare and its Alter Ego in the Middle Ages." Reinardus, 17 (2004), 73-88. Online copy at Academia.edu, retrieved 2019-01-13.

"Divine Praises." A page on the "Divine Praises and Devotions" web site, retrieved 2020-12-01.

Dominguez, Francisco Atanasio. The Missions of New Mexico, 1776. Tr. Eleanor B. Adams and Fray Angelico Chavez. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2012.

Dowdle, Elizabeth. "Sleeping Child with Dog and Grapes." In Hérica Valladares, Archaeology of Daily Life. Online exhibition catalog. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum, 2011. Retrieved 2020-12-01.

Dreves, Guido Maria. Reimgebete und Leselieder des Mittelalters. Siebente Folge. Leipzig: Reisland, 1905.

Dreves, Guido Maria, and Clemens Blume. Analecta Hymnica Medii Aevi. 54 vols. Leipzig: Reisland, 1886-1922. Online copy at Hathi Trust Digital Library, retrieved 2016-11-08.

Drogo of Sint-Winoksbergen, The Life of St. Godelieve. Online copy in Acta Sanctorum, July vol. 2, 402-409. English translation in Head 359-373 (with introduction and bibliography).

Dronke, Peter, ed. Nine Medieval Latin Plays. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Parts of this text are available from Google Books (retrieved 2014-08-21).

Dryden, John. "A Song for Saint Cecilia's Day." Online at Bartleby.com (retrieved 2013-12-02).

Duchesne, Louis. "La Légende de Sainte Marie-Madeleine." Annales du Midi: V (1893), xvii, 1-33. Online copy at Persée, retrieved 2017-06-30.

Duchesne, Louis. Le Liber Pontificalis: Texte, Introduction et Commentaire. 2 vols. Paris: Ernest Thorin, 1886. Online copy of volume I and of volume II at Internet Archive, both retrieved 2014-06-05.

Duchet-Suchaux, Gaston, and Michel Pastoureau. The Bible and the Saints. Paris: Flammarion, 1994.

Dudley, Martin R. "Sacramental Liturgies in the Middle Ages." In Heffernan and Matter, 193-218.

Dunbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. "West Apse Frescoes." Retrieved 2020-12-01.

Durandus, William. The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments, with an Introductory Essay by John Mason Neale and Benjamin Webb. 3rd edition. London: Gibbings, 1906. Online copy at Google Books, retrieved 2016-10-30.

Dunn, Jimmy. "The Crook and Flail in Ancient Egypt." Online at Tour Egypt, retrieved 2018-09-16.

Dutton, Edward, and Herbert L. Kessler. The Poetry and Paintings of the First Bible of Charles the Bald. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

Dzon, Mary, and Theresa M. Kenney, The Christ Child in Medieval Culture: Alpha es et O. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012.

Easter Vigil Readings: For the Anglican Communion, see The Lessons Appointed for Use on The Great Vigil of Easter. These are the same as the Roman Catholic readings, which may be found along with the Exultet on this page at CatholicCulture.org. (Both sites retrieved 2014-08-07.)

Elderkin, George W. Kantharos: Studies in Dionysiac and Kindred Cult. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1924. Online copy at Hathi Trust, retrieved 2018-04-26.

Eliot, T. S. Four Quartets. London: Faber and Faber, 1976. The four quartets are "Burnt Norton," "East Coker," "The Dry Salvages," and "Little Gidding." An online copy is at Coldbacon.com (retrieved 2016-10-12).

Les Enluminures. Commercial website selling medieval manuscripts. Home page, Text manuscripts index page (both retrieved 2014-02-18). Essay describing a MS. with Pseudo-Eusebius of Cremona's letter on the death of St. Jerome: no longer online.

Elliott, J. K. The Apocryphal New Testament. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Online selections at Google Books (retrieved 2015-02-09).

Epiphanius. Physiologus. Online copy of the Latin at Sancti Epiphanii ad Physiologum: Facsimile and Commentary. Version 4. Victoria, Canada: University of Victoria, 2004.

Epistle of Barnabas, The. Tr. J. B. Lightfoot. Online copy at Early Christian Writings, retrieved 2020-05-25.

Theodor Erbe, ed. Mirk's Festial. London: Kegan Paul, 1905. Online copy at Internet Archive, retrieved 2018-02-20.

Erhardt, Michelle A. "The Magdalene as Mirror: Trecento Franciscan Imagery in the Guidalotti-Rinucci Chapel, Florence." In Michelle Erhardt and Amy Morris, Mary Magdalene: Iconographic Studies from the Middle Ages to the Baroque (Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2012), 21-44.

Eugippius

  • The Life of St. Severinus. Tr. George W. Robinson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1914. Online copy at Google Books, retrieved 2017-01-23.
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Gregory of Tours. Glory of the Martyrs.

  • Original Latin available online in the Cholinus 1588 edition.
  • English tanslation by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1988).

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  • Book II, on St. Benedict, is also online at this page of the website of the Order of St. Benedict (retrieved 2020-05-15).

Gregory the Great. Homiliae in Evangelia:

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  • English translation: David Hurst, Gregory the Great: Forty Gospel Homilies (Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press, 2009).
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